First, the installation of the battery
The battery is generally used in series, that is, the positive pole of one battery is connected to the negative pole of the other battery, and all the batteries are connected together. Finally, the remaining positive and negative terminals are connected with the corresponding wiring, and the motor, controller and instrument of the object are used. Wait for the battery's electrical load.
The utility model generally has a battery box, and has a slash type, a rear plug type and a chassis type installation from the installation position. The battery box is generally made of engineering plastic, and has good strength, light weight and convenient installation. The battery box generally consists of a bottom slot, an upper cover, a battery contact point, a charging socket, and a trolley lock light. The bottom groove is fastened to the upper cover and fastened with uterine screws and bolts. The battery box is designed according to the battery model specifications, and its good heat dissipation performance should be considered in the design of the whole vehicle.
Second, the battery is charged
"The battery is not broken, but it is damaged." This statement is by no means an alarmist. The battery charging performance plays a decisive role in the battery life and performance.
1. Battery requirements for charging process
Recognizing the basic requirements of the battery for the charging process is the basis for analyzing various charging technologies. The basic requirement for charging the battery is that the charging current should be less than or equal to the charging current of the battery. Otherwise, the excess current will cause the electrolyzed water to be consumed too quickly, resulting in the following hazards: increasing the water loss rate of the battery and increasing the maintenance workload. For maintenance-free batteries, it will cause early failure of the battery; acid mist will be generated. Environmental pollution, endangering the health of workers; reducing the efficiency of charging, resulting in a serious waste of energy.
The charging process is the reverse reaction process reflected by the discharge electro-optic theory. If the charging electrochemical reaction process is carried out under ideal conditions, the process should be mutually reverse reaction, that is, the charged electric quantity and the discharged electric quantity should be substantially equal. However, in the state of severe gassing, the energy consumed by the effective charging electrochemical reaction process does not reach 40% of the total electricity, that is, more than 60% of the wasted electrical energy.
The generation of gas accumulates inside the porous electrode of the battery, which reduces the contact area between the electrolyte and the porous electrode, that is, the electrochemical reaction interface of the charging is greatly reduced, the charging chemical reaction speed is lowered, the charging is very difficult, and the charging time is prolonged.
Severe gassing can damage the battery:
1 The generation of a large amount of gas has a flushing action on the active material of the electrode plate, so that the active material is easy to be soft and fall off.
2 Under the higher polarization voltage, the grid of the positive electrode plate will be seriously corroded, and Pb02 will be formed. This corrosion is completely different from the electrochemically active Pb02, which is an irreversible oxide and has poor conductivity. And the board is deformed, brittle, and it is de-skeleton and conductive. Therefore, overcharge should be prevented as much as possible during charging.
Insufficient long-term charging, the unreacted active material will produce irreversible high-positive large-particle PbS04 grains (ie, irreversible sulfation), which will reduce the battery capacity, increase the internal resistance, and increase the difficulty of charging, causing early damage to the battery. Therefore, the battery should try to ensure sufficient electricity to prevent irreversible sulfation.
2, the choice of charging frequency
The charging depth of the battery has a great influence on the cycle life and basically changes exponentially. This is because the positive active material is Pb02, and its binding fastness is not high. When it is converted to PbS04 during discharge, it is converted into P, and the volume of P is much larger than the volume of P (the volume ratio is about 2:1). Therefore, for the positive electrode plate, the active material expands and contracts repeatedly, and the connection between the particles gradually falls off, so that the battery active material loses the discharge characteristics to become "anode mud", and the battery performance is degraded until the end of life. The deeper the depth of discharge, the greater the amount of expansion and contraction, the greater the damage to the active binding force, and the shorter the life; otherwise, the longer the cycle life.
In theory, the reservoir should be used to avoid deep discharge when it is used. It should be shallow and diligent, provided that the specially matched charger matches it. However, in actual use, since the battery charging is affected by the performance of the charger and the dispersion of the battery itself and the charging habit and charging speed, the voltage of the charger is relatively high, and there is more or less overcharging. In particular, most of the charging is carried out at night, and the time is generally 6-10 hours, and the average time is about 8 hours. If it is a shallow discharge, its charging will soon reach the end stage, when the charging efficiency is low, overcharge will occur. The overcharge time is relatively long, and the frequent charging will cause the battery life to be greatly affected by the charging.
The most ideal charging requirements are determined according to the actual situation. The charging frequency should be determined with reference to the average operating frequency, mileage, the instructions provided by the battery manufacturer, and the matching charger performance. According to the situation of most users, it is best to charge the battery at a discharge depth of 50%-70%, which can achieve the best battery life.
3, the effect of temperature on charging
The battery runs during the hot season, and there is mainly a problem of overcharging. The battery temperature is increased. The activity of each active material increases, the oxygen evolution potential of the positive electrode decreases, and the oxygen evolution potential of the negative electrode also decreases (the negative value decreases). Therefore, the charging reaction speed is fast during charging, the charging current is large, and the charging voltage required for charging is low. In order to prevent excessive charging voltage, the battery temperature should be reduced as much as possible to ensure good heat dissipation, to prevent charging after sun exposure, and to keep away from heat.
When the battery is at low temperature, the activity of each active material is lowered, and the P on the electrode becomes difficult to dissolve. It is difficult to replenish after charging p, and the charging current is greatly reduced. The positive electrode plate is charged at -20 ° C to receive current. It is only 70% of normal temperature, while the negative electrode charge is affected by the expansion agent, and the low-temperature charge accepting ability is cultivated. The charging current of -20 °C is only 40% of the normal temperature. Therefore, charging under low temperature conditions mainly has problems of poor charging acceptance and insufficient charging, and it is required to increase the charging voltage and prolong the charging time. The improvement of low temperature performance should mainly start from the negative electrode. Leopard anti-freeze measures should be adopted when using at low temperature, especially when charging, it should be placed in a warm environment, which is beneficial to ensure sufficient electricity, prevent the generation of irreversible sulfuric acid, and prolong the service life of the battery.
The storage and use time of the battery can be periodically activated and charged, so-called equalization charging, which is very beneficial for preventing irreversible sulphation of the battery, and is very beneficial to the service life of the battery and is worthy of promotion.
Third, the use of the battery
1, prevent over discharge
After the battery is discharged to the termination voltage, the continued discharge is called overdischarge. Over-discharge can seriously damage the battery, which is extremely detrimental to the electrical performance and cycle life of the battery.
When the battery is discharged to the termination voltage, the internal resistance is large, and the electrolyte concentration is very thin, especially in the hole and surface of the plate. The internal resistance is almost neutral. When the discharge is over-discharge, the internal resistance has a tendency to heat, the volume is expanded, and the discharge current is large. (Even if there is heat deformation), the concentration of lead sulfate is particularly large, and the possibility of survival of the short circuit of the crystal branch is increased. Moreover, at this time, lead sulfate will crystallize into larger particles, that is, irreversible sulfation will be formed, which will further increase the internal resistance. Charging recovery is poor and can't even be fixed.
When the battery is used, it should prevent over-discharge. It is a very effective measure to take “undervoltage protection”.
2, to prevent overcharging
Overcharging will increase the water loss of the battery, which will accelerate the corrosion of the board and soften the active material, which will increase the probability of battery deformation. Overcharge should be avoided as much as possible; the charger parameters should be well matched to the battery, and the battery should be fully aware of the operating conditions during the hot season and the changes during the entire service life. Do not leave the battery in an overheated environment during use, especially when charging. Keep away from heat. After the battery is heated, it is necessary to cool down the dining area, and the battery can be charged only when the battery temperature returns to normal. The installation position of the battery should ensure good heat dissipation as much as possible. When overheating, stop charging and check the charger and battery. The charging time should be shortened when the battery discharge depth is shallow or when the ambient temperature is high.
3, to prevent short circuit
When the battery is short-circuited, its short-circuit current can reach hundreds of amps. The tighter the short-circuit contact, the larger the short-circuit current, so that all the connected parts will generate a lot of heat, and the heat generated in the weak link will be more, which will blow the joint and cause a short circuit. The battery may generate explosive gas (or explosive gas collected during charging). When the connection is blown, sparks may occur, which may cause the battery to explode. If the battery short-circuit time is short or the current is not particularly large, it may not cause continuous connection. The fuse is broken, but the short circuit will still be overheated, which will damage the adhesive around the connecting strip, leaving it with hidden troubles such as leakage. Therefore, the battery must not be short-circuited. It should be handled with care when installing or using. The tools used should be insulated. When connecting, the electrical equipment outside the battery should be connected first. After the inspection, there is no short circuit. Finally, the battery should be connected. Good insulation to prevent overlap and compression from cracking.
4, to prevent loose connections and is not strong
If the contact is not strong, the degree is light, the conduction will be poor, the contact area of the line will be heated, the line loss will be large, the output voltage will be low, affecting the motor power; if the contact at the terminal is not secure (mostly the applause is the wiring) End and connection joints), the terminal will generate a lot of heat, affecting the combination of the terminal and the sealant. When the time is long, the liquid leakage "acid climbing" will occur. If the contact is not strong during driving or charging, an open circuit may occur. When the circuit is broken, a strong spark may be generated, which may explode the explosive gas inside the battery (especially the battery that has just been charged, because the explosive gas in the battery More, and the battery is full, the spark is strong when the circuit is broken, and the possibility of explosion is quite large.)
Battery maintenance six tips
It is strictly forbidden to lose electricity when storing
The battery must not be in a deficient state when it is stored. The deficient state means that the battery is not charged in time after use. When the battery is stored in a depleted state, it is prone to sulfation, and the lead sulfate crystals adhere to the electrode plate, blocking the ion channel, resulting in insufficient charging and a decrease in battery capacity. The longer the idle state is idle, the more severe the battery is damaged. Therefore, when the battery is not in use, it should be replenished once a month, which can better maintain the health of the battery.
Regular inspection
In the process of use, it should be timely checked, repaired or matched by a professional battery repairing organization. This can extend the life of the battery pack relatively and save the maximum cost.
Avoid large current discharge
High current discharges tend to cause the formation of lead sulfate crystals, which impair the physical properties of the battery plates.
Correctly master the charging time
It is best to charge the battery when the depth of discharge is 60%-70%.
Prevent exposure
If the temperature is too high, the internal pressure of the battery will increase and the battery pressure limiting valve will be forced to open automatically. The direct consequence is to increase the water loss of the battery. The excessive water loss of the battery will inevitably lead to the decrease of battery activity, accelerate the softening of the plate, and charge the case. Body heat, the shell caused by fatal damage such as drums and deformation.
Avoid power generation to make the plug heat
Loose output plug of the charger and oxidation of the contact surface will cause the charging plug to heat up. If the heating time is too long, the charging plug will be short-circuited, which will directly damage the charger and cause unnecessary loss. Therefore, when the above situation occurs, the oxide should be removed or the connector replaced.